Some definitions

Here are some definitions of the electronics jargon.

Term Definition
SMD Surface-mount technology.
ISP In-system programming.

Preamble

This week we have to redraw and produce the circuit echo hello-world board in order to explore and familiarize ourself with different electronics schematic and board editors such as Eagle or KiCad EDA (free and open source). It will also be the opportunity to streamline our electronic production workflow. We will also explore numerical tools to simulate our circuits such as 123D circuits from Autodesk.
Before diving into this week's assignment. I analyzed the echo hello-world board documentation and discussed longly with Axel about how to make it. Axel was more than helpful to guide me into this new world, thanks !
The basic board consists of the following items:

I've decided to add:

Here is the list of the selected components with their symbols.

Which resistor do I need to use to limit the current in the led ?

Reading the green led datasheets, it says that the forward voltage is typically 2V and the forward current should be 20mA. The power supply delivers a voltage Vcc=5V. We need to place a resistor in series with the led in between a high voltage pin (5V) and the ground GND. The role of the resistor is to limit the voltage to (5V-2V) on both side of the led and limit the current to 20mA. The Ohm law gives V = I*R (Tension = current x resistance). In consequence, we should chose a resistance close to R=(5V-2V)/0.02A=150 Ohms.

Drawing the echo hello-world board in Eagle

To draw the circuit board I chose to use Eagle as it is what my close collaborators use and I would like to learn a common language. Also the free version of Eagle is more than enough for an hobbyist or a tinkerer.
First, I downloaded and installed Eagle. Then I uploaded two libraries that I will need to draw the circuit (see source files).

Electronic components in Eagle

Each component in Eagle is represented as a device that includes a symbol that can be used in the schematic view and a package that is used in the board view

Schematic and board views in Eagle

In Eagle, there are 2 views, one schematic view to draw the electronic circuit schematically which is linked to a board view that is used to print the circuit board.

Uploading all the components in the schematic view

Then, I uploaded all the components in the schematic view. For example, to add the ATtiny microcontroller on the schematic, I clicked on the icon "add a part" in the schematic view and searched for "ATtiny*" in the ADD panel. Then, I selected the microcontroller that I have and clicked "ok" to add it in the schematic view.

Here is the schematic view with all the components.

Checking the board imprint of each components in the board view.

I have printed the board on a white paper using a laser printer. I then checked that all the components were fitting on their respective imprints. As you can see the ceramic resonator and the button are not well adjusted on their imprint. For these two, either we selected the wrong components in the library, either they do not exist yet and we have to adapt the imprint (package) to fit our components. We are going to modify the package file slightly.

Modifying the package

To adapt the package file of the resonator, we checked on the electronic component website the datasheet of the resonator. We see on the left of the image here below, that the connectors are separated by a distance of 1.27mm, the datasheet, says it should be 2.5 mm so let's change the package. We will do the same for the button.

Building the circuits in the schematic view

  1. I linked the capacitor 1µF in between the GND and the Vcc of the ATtiny microcontroller, to short cut the high frequency current noise. Some parts of the circuits can act as an antenna and high frequency noise can be generated within the circuit.
  2. I wanted to use a button to restart the program of the microcontroller each time I will push on it. I placed a button in between the ground (GND) and the reset pin of the microcontroller, I made sure to place a pull-up resistor to keep the reset pin high (5V). When the button will be pushed, the pin will be set to 0 and the program on the microcontroller will restart.
  3. Then, I've added a clock to the microcontroller. I've connected the resonator to the 2 pins of the microcontroller that are dedicated for that.
  4. I've connected the ISP 2x3 pin-header to the microcontroller.
  5. I've connected the microcontroller to the 1x6 pin header for the FTDI cable.
  6. Finally, I added a led with a current-limiting resistor in parallel and connect it to the GND and the PA7 of the microcontroller.
Link the reset pin of the ATtiny44 to a button and the GND and Vcc. When we will push the button, it will set the pin to 0 and the microcontroller will restart its program. When the button is released, the pin is high (5V) thanks to the pull-up resistor.

Designing the board

The rule of the game here is to place the different electronic components on the board and make the link between the pins that should be linked. Based on the schematic, the yellow lines show the connection that should be made in between pins.

Once all the electronic components are placed and the links are made, I wanted to create a metallic shield connected to the ground (GND) around the circuit. To do that I typed "polygon GND" in the command entry below the top bar and clicked on "Enter". Then I drew a rectangle around the circuit.

Then I clicked on the "rastnet" button on the side bar to fill the rectangle with solids that should be connected to the GND.

Here is a close up view for the details.

Making the PCB

In order to make the PCB, we chose to mill the PCB with our CNC milling machine. Last time, we used the PCB-GCode plugin for Eagle to generate the G-code. This time, I wanted to test the Fabmodules.
The fabmodules will produce a G-code for the CNC milling machine from a PNG image file. Different PNG images have to be produced if we want to engrave and drill or cut the PCB.

Exporting the Eagle board layout in a PNG image

To export the PNG image from Eagle, first I selected the top layer in Eagle.

Then, I exported the image using the export option in Eagle.

In the panel make sure to select monochrome and set a resolution of 1000 dpi.

Here is the PNG image file produced. The black area will be cut while the white area will remain untouched.

Using the Fabmodules to produce the G-Code.

I then went on the fabmodules web page. Be sure to use the chrome browser to do that, it seems t have issues with other browser. I uploaded the image and choose the output as "G-codes (.nc)". To process the G-code, I chose "PCB traces (0.010)" I let the default parameter and changed the tool diameter to 0.3mm. I calculated the G-code and uploaded in WinPC-NC the software that is controlling the CNC milling machine.

From there, I had a problem. It seems that the software cannot interpret the G-code. It reads it with imperial units instead of metric units... I'm stuck !!!

Back on Eagle to produce the G-code

As I'm stuck with the Fabmodules, I went back on Eagle and used the PCB-GCode plugin for Eagle. This worked and I produced the CNC milled board.

Soldering the electronic components

Here are all the components prior soldering.

Last time, I soldered on chemically etched PCB board and it was much more easy. Here with the CNC milled board there are some roughness coming from the engraving. I should have smoothen a little bit the board before soldering the components. It's for next time. I also observed that a good design in Eagle can ease the later soldering. Some pins were much harder to sold.

To check the soldering and the connections, I used the multimeter on the "sound mode" so it will make a noise if two parts of the board are connected. I had a problem with the soldering of one of the pin header. The metallic shield was connected to the ground and the Vcc. I remade the soldering and mend it.

Testing the PCB and uploading a program on the microcontroller

Using the Arduino micro ISP, I tried to upload a program.

To do that, I used the Arduino IDE. I opened the simple "blink" program to test the microcontroller. I just changed the led pin number to 7.

To connect my ATtiny, I had to upload additional board manager in the Arduino IDE. I have followed this tutorial.

Then I set the microcontroller parameters in the tool tab and uploaded the program.

Problem !! I used the wrong microcontroller... The ATtiny44 we selected has a external clock limited to 16MHz and we are using a 20Mhz. We thus had to change the microcontroller and use a ATtiny84 instead. Let's unsolder the wrong one and solder the good one...

The led is blinking, it is working !!!

Board troubleshooting - reset

While I was testing the serial communications using a FTDI cable on week 8, I discovered that something was wrong with my board. In fact on the schematic of my board, here above, we can see that the FTDI reset pin is directly connected to the reset pin of the microcontroller. This means that each time I connect the FTDI cable, the program on the microcontroller is erased. Looking into that problem with Axel, we found that adding a capacitor in between the FTDI reset pin and the microcontroller reset pin solved the problem.

Simulation using 123D circuits

This is just amazing. You can make and simulate circuits using 123D circuits. Even more you can program the microcontroller and simulate it ! Here is a little circuits I've tried.

Here is the breadboard

Here is the corresponding schematic

Here is the corresponding PCB